Journal: Translational Psychiatry

Article Title: Transdiagnostic neuromodulation of impulsivity: current status and future trajectories

doi: 10.1038/s41398-025-03415-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: The figure provides examples, including addiction, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders (ED), to illustrate the performance of impulsivity, the structure of impulsivity, and the identification of brain circuits. The framework aims to advance precision medicine in the neuromodulation for mental disorders by recognising the multidimensional nature of impulsivity. This includes impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive traits and their neural correlates. The framework incorporates findings from brain circuit research and uses techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) to study impulsive brain circuits. The diagram illustrates transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a neuromodulation technique, with potential applications in modulating impulsive brain circuits. Please note that the figure has been adapted from the ref. , with permission from Annual Reviews, Inc. (License ID: 1446321-2).

Article Snippet: Advanced neuromodulation therapies such as TMS, transcranial electrical stimulation, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and focused ultrasound are increasingly designed to modulate discrete neural circuits [ , , – ], offering transdiagnostic therapeutic potential through alignment between individual impulsivity profiles and intervention strategies [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Journal: Translational Psychiatry

Article Title: Transdiagnostic neuromodulation of impulsivity: current status and future trajectories

doi: 10.1038/s41398-025-03415-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia are outlined as the basic neurological circuits underlying impulsivity. Within the PFC, specific regions have been identified for their critical role in impulsivity. These regions include the infralimbic cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). At the same time, the nucleus accumbens (NAc), located in the basal ganglia, makes a significant contribution to impulsivity by acting as a central hub. A number of neuromodulation techniques can be used to modulate neural activity in specific regions associated with impulsivity. Magnetic electroconvulsive therapy (MECT), magnetic convulsive therapy (MCT), deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS), and high-intensity transcranial alternating current stimulation (Hi-tACS) can target the whole brain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) can target superficial cortical regions such as the prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Temporal interference (TI), focused ultrasound (FUS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS) can be used to modulate deep nuclei such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the basal ganglia. These different neuromodulation techniques offer potential therapeutic interventions for impulsivity by selectively modulating neural activity in specific regions associated with impulsive behaviour. Please note that subfigures (a-b) are reprinted with permission from ref. (corresponding to original Fig. 3). Copyright 2017 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center (License ID: 1446338-1). The human architecture of the NAc was obtained from the Brainnetome Atlas .

Article Snippet: Advanced neuromodulation therapies such as TMS, transcranial electrical stimulation, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and focused ultrasound are increasingly designed to modulate discrete neural circuits [ , , – ], offering transdiagnostic therapeutic potential through alignment between individual impulsivity profiles and intervention strategies [ ].

Techniques: Activity Assay